climate region examples

The different kinds of weather you might experience in these regions are caused by moving patterns in the Earths atmospheric and oceanic circulation, unequal heating of the Earth, and the rotation of the Earth on its tilted axis. 36 pp., Mayors Office of Long-term Planning and Sustainability, New York, New York. Water yield as an important ecosystem service for mitigating water scarcity in drylands, is quite sensitive to land use and climate change. Another uncertainty is the potential for adaptation strategies (and to a lesser extent mitigation) to reduce these vulnerabilities. International Journal of Biometeorology, 49, 303-309, doi:10.1007/s00484-004-0248-9. Technical Report to the U.S. Department of Energy in Support of the National Climate Assessment. Culverts and the structures they protect are receiving increasing attention, since they are vulnerable to damage during the types of extreme precipitation events that are occurring with increasing frequency in the Northeast (Ch. There are several ways to classify climates into similar regimes. These heavy rains were part of a broader pattern of wet weather preceding the storm (rainfall totals for August and September exceeded 25 inches across much of the Northeast) that left the region predisposed to extreme flooding from Irene; for example, the Schoharie Creek in New York experienced a 500-year flood.16, In anticipation of Irene, the New York City mass transit system was shut down, and 2.3 million coastal residents in Delaware, New Jersey, and New York faced mandatory evacuations. Karl, Melillo, J.T., and Peterson, T.C., Eds. This rate of sea level rise exceeds the global average of approximately 8 inches The region is home to one of the worlds leading financial centers, the nation's capital, and many defining cultural and historical landmarks. Americas Climate Choices: Report of the Panel on Adapting to the Impacts of Climate Change, Paradis, A., J. Elkinton, K. Hayhoe, and J. Buonaccorsi, Role of winter temperature and climate change on the survival and future range expansion of the hemlock woolly adelgid (, Parris, A., P. Bromirski, V. Burkett, D. Cayan, M. Culver, J. Examples of threatened animals include the Puerto Rican amazon, two species of solenodon (giant shrews) in Cuba and the Hispaniola island, and the Cuban crocodile. A 7-year-old Texas girl has been found dead two days after being reported missing, and a FedEx driver who made a delivery to her home shortly before she disappeared was arrested in her death View solution > The climate and weather conditions in India are governed by _____. | Detail , ,, 2009: Climate Risk Information. Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling. NOAA Tech Memo OAR CPO-1. | Detail , Butler, C. J., 2003: The disproportionate effect of global warming on the arrival dates of shortdistance migratory birds in North America. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 320 pp. As such, regional and world figures for this year are estimated. Further, changes in species distribution by elevation are occurring; a Vermont study found an upslope shift of 299 to 390 feet in the boundary between northern hardwoods and boreal forest on the western slopes of the Green Mountains between 1964 and 2004.75 Wildflowers76 and woody perennials are blooming earlier 77,78 and migratory birds are arriving sooner.79 Because species differ in their ability to adjust, asynchronies (like a mismatch between key food source availability and migration patterns) can develop, increasing species and ecosystem vulnerability. | Detail , Solecki, W., L. Tryhorn, A. DeGaetano, and D. Major, 2011: Ch. Responses of insect pests, pathogens, and invasive plant species to climate change in the forests of northeastern North America: What can we predict? Merced County and its six cities are working together to help bridge the digital divide by improving broadband services to the entire county, and need community feedback as part of the effort. | Detail , Horton, R., C. Rosenzweig, V. Gornitz, D. Bader, and M. OGrady, 2010: Climate risk information. 74 pp., New York City Panel on Climate Change, New York, New York. Sources: Horton and Rosenzweig 2010, Zimmerman and Faris 2010, and Ch. The Northeast is often affected by extreme events such as ice storms, floods, droughts, heat waves, hurricanes, and major storms in the Atlantic Ocean off the northeast coast, referred to as noreasters. Climate (from Ancient Greek 'inclination') is commonly defined as the weather averaged over a long period. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1196, 63-86, doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05318.x. al. [18], Climate classifications are systems that categorize the world's climates. In the state of Vermont, cleaning up spills from aboveground hazardous waste tanks cost an estimated $1.75 million. URL 201027). 115 pp., Metropolitan Transportation Authority, New York, New York. Explain with examples. Rising carbon dioxide and invasive, noxious plants: Potential threats and consequences, Tropical Storm Irene Devastates Vermont Transportation in August 2011, http://www.cityofboston.gov/Images_Documents/A%20Climate%20of%20Progress%20-%20CAP%20Update%202011_tcm3-25020.pdf, http://nca2009.globalchange.gov/northeast, Increased saltwater encroachment and damage to low-lying communications infrastructure not built to withstand saltwater exposure, Increased rates of coastal erosion and/or permanent inundation of low-lying areas, causing increased maintenance costs and shortened replacement cycles, Cellular tower destruction or loss of function, Increased coastal erosion rates and/or permanent inundation of low-lying areas, threatening coastal power plants, Increased equipment damage from corrosive effects of saltwater encroachment, resulting in higher maintenance costs and shorter replacement cycles, Increased saltwater encroachment and damage to infrastructure not built to withstand saltwater exposure, Increased coastal erosion rates and/or permanent inundation of low-lying areas, resulting in increased maintenance costs and shorter replacement cycles, Increased saltwater encroachment and damage to water and waste infrastructure not built to withstand saltwater exposure, Increased release of pollution and contaminant runoff from sewer systems, treatment plants, brownfields, and waste storage facilities, Permanent inundation of low-lying areas, wetlands, piers, and marine transfer stations, Increased saltwater infiltration into freshwater distribution systems, Increased need for emergency management actions with high demand on communications infrastructure, Increased damage to communications equipment and infrastructure in low-lying areas, Increased need for emergency management actions, Exacerbated flooding of low-lying power plants and equipment, as well as structural damage to infrastructure due to wave action, Increased use of energy to control floodwaters, Increased number and duration of local outages due to flooded and corroded equipment, Exacerbated flooding of streets, subways, tunnel and bridge entrances, as well as structural damage to infrastructure due to wave action, Decreased levels of service from flooded roadways; increased hours of delay from congestion during street flooding episodes, Exacerbated street, basement, and sewer flooding, leading to structural damage to infrastructure, Episodic inundation of low-lying areas, wetlands, piers, and marine transfer stations. | Detail , ,, 2012: Annual Report on the Market for RGGI CO2 Allowances: 2011. Warmer winters and less snow cover in recent years have contributed to increased deer populations62 that degrade forest understory vegetation.82, As ocean temperatures continue to rise, the range of suitable habitat for many commercially important fish and shellfish species is projected to shift northward. Comprehensive Strategy for Reducing Marylands Vulnerability to Climate Change,, Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Maryland Department of Planning, 32. Projected number of days per year with a maximum temperature greater than 90F averaged between 2041 and 2070, compared to 1971-2000, assuming continued increases in global emissions (A2) and substantial reductions in future emissions (B1). | Detail , Huang, C., A. Gerard Barnett, X. Wang, P. Vaneckova, G. FitzGerald, and S. Tong, 2011: Projecting future heat-related mortality under climate change scenarios: A systematic review. AC-07-A-51. Climate change, in fact, has become a cause of concern particularly over the last few decades. Vol. Background Scientific knowledge is fundamental to support the work of the Convention and its Subsidiary Bodies. AC-07-A-51. Details of the modern climate record are known through the taking of measurements from such weather instruments as thermometers, barometers, and anemometers during the past few centuries. The twelve Northeastern states have more than 180,000 farms, with $17 billion in annual sales.117 The regions ecosystems and agricultural systems are tightly interwoven, and both are vulnerable to a changing climate. Major crops grown in Mediterranean climates include olives, grapes, citrus fruit, and some grains. Atmospheric dynamics (category), Climate (category) We also provide tools to help businesses grow, network and hire. | Detail , Wolfe, D. W., J. Comstock, A. Lakso, L. Chase, W. Fry, C. Petzoldt, R. Leichenko, and P. Vancura, 2011: Ch. Donations to Citizens' Climate Lobby are not tax-deductible. Amato, A. D., M. Ruth, P. Kirshen, and J. Horwitz, Regional energy demand responses to climate change: Methodology and application to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Lights out: Impact of the August 2003 power outage on mortality in New York, NY, Tropical Cyclone Report (AL092011): Hurricane Irene, Bacon, R. Murphree, K. J. Kugeler, and P. S. Mead, Surveillance for Lyme disease--United States, 1992-2006, Beck, M. W., B. Gilmer, Z. Ferdaa, G. T. Raber, C. C. Shepard, I. Meliane, J. D. Stone, A. W. Whelchel, M. Hoover, and S. Newkirk, Ch. Advertisement. Significant investments may be required to ensure that power generation keeps up with rising demand associated with rising temperatures.38,39 Finally, vulnerability to heat waves is not evenly distributed throughout urban areas; outdoor versus indoor air temperatures, air quality, baseline health, and access to air conditioning are all dependent on socioeconomic factors.29 Socioeconomic factors that tend to increase vulnerability to such hazards include race and ethnicity (being a minority), age (the elderly and children), gender (female), socioeconomic status (low income, status, or poverty), and education (low educational attainment). On the other hand, periodic variability occurs relatively regularly and in distinct modes of variability or climate patterns. Global and Planetary Change, 32, 61-88, doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(01)00150-3. URL Examples of genetic classification include methods based on the relative frequency of different air mass types or locations within synoptic weather disturbances. The lower Chesapeake Bay is especially at risk due to high rates of sinking land (known as subsidence).96 Climate change and sea level rise are also likely to cause a number of ecological impacts, including declining water quality and clarity, increases in harmful algae and low oxygen (hypoxia) events, decreases in a number of species including eelgrass and seagrass beds, and changing interactions among trophic levels (positions in the food chain) leading to an increase in subtropical fish and shellfish species in the bay.66. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, M.L. Two recent events contrast existing vulnerability to extreme events: Hurricane Irene, which produced a broad swath of very heavy rain (greater than five inches in total and sometimes two to three inches per hour in some locations) from southern Maryland to northern Vermont from August 27 to 29, 2011; and Hurricane Sandy, which caused massive coastal damage from storm surge and flooding along the Northeast coast from October 28 to 30, 2012. The Role of Ecosystems in Disaster Risk Reduction, F.G. Renaud, Sudmeier-Rieux, K., and Estrella, M., Eds., United Nations University press, 140-163. Climate variability is the term to describe variations in the mean state and other characteristics of climate (such as chances or possibility of extreme weather, etc.) Financial barriers can constrain farmer adaptation.113,114 Even relatively straightforward adaptations such as changing varieties are not always a low-cost option. A Report by the U.S. Sandy was responsible for about 150 deaths, approximately half of which occurred in the Northeast.19 Damages, concentrated in New Jersey, New York, and Connecticut, were estimated at $60 to $80 billion, making Sandy the second most costly Atlantic Hurricane in history behind Katrina.20 It is also estimated that 650,000 homes were damaged or destroyed, and that 8.5 million people were without power.19 Floodwaters inundated subway tunnels in New York City (see also Ch. Biome Definition & Characteristics. | Detail , Najjar, R. G., C. R. Pyke, M. Beth Adams, D. Breitburg, C. Hershner, M. Kemp, R. Howarth, M. R. Mulholland, M. Paolisso, D. Secor, K. Sellner, D. Wardrop, and R. Wood, 2010: Potential climate-change impacts on the Chesapeake Bay. A. Curry, H. Wang, M. Song, and R. M. Horton, 2012: Impact of declining Arctic sea ice on winter snowfall. Gray, 2012: Coastal Climate Adaptation in Maines Coastal Communities: Governance Mapping for Culvert Management. | Detail , Subak, S., 2003: Effects of climate on variability in Lyme disease incidence in the northeastern United States. | Detail , Wolfe, D. W., M. D. Schwartz, A. N. Lakso, Y. Otsuki, R. M. Pool, and N. J. Shaulis, 2005: Climate change and shifts in spring phenology of three horticultural woody perennials in northeastern USA. 17: Assessment of adaptation practices, options, constraints and capacity. Annual Review of Marine Science, 1, 117-141, doi:10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163930. | Detail , Hayhoe, K., C. P. Wake, T. G. Huntington, L. Luo, M. D. Schwartz, J. Sheffield, E. Wood, B. Anderson, J. Bradbury, A. DeGaetano, T. Troy, and D. Wolfe, 2007: Past and future changes in climate and hydrological indicators in the US Northeast. We have very high confidence in projected sea level rise and increased coastal flooding, and high confidence for increased intense precipitation events. This will increase the vulnerability of the regions residents, especially its most disadvantaged populations. With an area of 7,617,930 square kilometres (2,941,300 sq mi), Australia is the largest country by area in Oceania and the world's sixth-largest country.Australia is the oldest, flattest, and driest A climate classification may correlate closely with a biome classification, as climate is a major influence on life in a region. The empty string is the special case where the sequence has length zero, so there are no symbols in the string. 8: Ecosystems). | Detail , Sussman, E., 2009: Case study: Climate change adaptation planning guidance for local governments in the United States. URL Research and outreach efforts are underway in the region to help farmers find ways to cope with a rapidly changing climate, take advantage of a longer growing season, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions,61,112 but unequal access to capital and information for strategic adaptation and mitigation remain a challenge. Seaman, L. Chase, and K. Hayhoe, Projected change in climate thresholds in the Northeastern U.S.: Implications for crops, pests, livestock, and farmers, Wolfe, D. W., J. Comstock, A. Lakso, L. Chase, W. Fry, C. Petzoldt, R. Leichenko, and P. Vancura, Ch. 102 pp., New York City Department of Environmental Protection., New York, NY. Global Change Research Program. That most Northeast states have begun to plan for adaptation is a matter of record. Couple travels hours to deliver packages after they say they caught a delivery driver dumping them 48. URL 501(c)3 EIN 26-2948811 and 501(c)4 EIN 26-3521896. World Resource Review, 16, 427-447. The 2007 eastern US spring freezes: Increased cold damage in a warming world? Science helps to cut emissions and adapt to a changing climate. There are uncertainties in exposure. CO 2 emissions by country/region name (only fossil fuels and cement manufacture, metric tons per capita per year for values up to 2014), 2015 and 2018 figures are from Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) and include all human activities leading to climate relevant emissions, except biomass/biofuel combustion (short-cycle carbon) United States Summary and State Data. | Detail , Kunkel, K. E., L. E. Stevens, S. E. Stevens, L. Sun, E. Janssen, D. Wuebbles, J. Rennells, A. DeGaetano, and J. G. Dobson, 2013: Regional Climate Trends and Scenarios for the U.S. National Climate Assessment: Part 1. One of the most used is the Kppen climate classification scheme first developed in 1899.[19]. URL Climatic Change, 95, 121-138, doi:10.1007/s10584-008-9522-x. It describes a procedure that decision-makers at all levels can use to design a flexible adaptation pathway to address infrastructure and other response issues through inventory and assessment of risk. [12] The 1961-1990 climate normals serve as the baseline reference period. Climate change is a stress-multiplier. URL These consisting of glacial periods where conditions are colder than normal, separated by interglacial periods. 60 pp., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. URL The ecosystem has a central role in the economy, including providing sources of food for people and the regions other inhabitants, and cooling water for the energy sector. | Detail , ,, 2012: A Global Network for Coastal Resilience. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 13, 555-575, doi:10.1007/s11027-007-9125-2. Pennsylvania State University, Edna Sussman, EPA 430-B-06-005, Ferdaa, Z., S. Newkirk, A. W. Whelchel, B. Gilmer, and M. W. Beck, Ch. For example, it is uncertain what forms of vegetation will move into the Adirondack Mountains when the suitable habitat for spruce-fir forests disappears.86 Increased productivity of some northern hardwood trees in the Northeast is projected (due to longer growing seasons and assuming a significant benefit from higher atmospheric carbon dioxide), but summer drought and other extreme events may offset potential productivity increases.87 Range shifts in traditional foods gathered from the forests by Native American communities, such as Wabanaki berries in the Northeast, can have negative health and cultural impacts (Ch. It is a critical and highly integrated natural and economic system threatened by changing land-use patterns and a changing climate including sea level rise, higher temperatures, and more intense precipitation events. The Northeast includes large expanses of sparsely populated but ecologically and agriculturally important areas. Learn more about regional climates with this curated resource collection. URL ), competing schools of thought, Inconclusive evidence (limited sources, extrapolations, inconsistent findings, poor documentation and/or methods not tested, etc. The Kppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems. The high-density urban coastal corridor from Washington, D.C., north to Boston is one of the most developed environments in the world. The current assessment included insights from stakeholders collected in a series of distributed engagement meetings that confirm its relevance and significance for local decision-makers; examples include a Northeast Listening Session in West Virginia, a kickoff meeting in New York City, and New York City Panel on Climate Change meetings. | Detail , Patz, J. While a majority of states and a rapidly growing number of municipalities have begun to incorporate the risk of climate change into their planning activities, implementation of adaptation measures is still at early stages. URL Building Resilience to Climate Change: Ecosystem-Based Adaptation and Lessons From the Field, A. . | Detail , Church, J. | Detail , ,, 2013: Billion Dollar Weather/Climate Disasters, List of Events. Any imbalance results in a change in the average temperature of the earth. When 71 town managers and officials in coastal Maine were surveyed as part of the statewide Sustainability Solutions Initiative, culverts, with their 50 to 65 year expected lifespan, emerged atop a wish list for help in adapting to climate change.116. "[15] Over historical time spans, there are a number of nearly constant variables that determine climate, including latitude, altitude, proportion of land to water, and proximity to oceans and mountains. | Detail , Frumhoff, P. C., J. J. McCarthy, J. M. Melillo, S. C. Moser, and D. J. Wuebbles, 2007: Ch. | Detail , Jenkins, J., 2010: Climate Change in the Adirondacks: The Path to Sustainability. At the smaller, municipal scale, coastal pilot projects in Maryland,109,110 Delaware,111 New York, and Connecticut99 are underway. As the Florida Water and Climate Alliance (FloridaWCA) celebrates its 10th anniversary, some of its members present a case study of its history, achievements, and lessons learned as an example of a successful stakeholder-scientist partnership to incorporate actionable climate information in decision making. [35] However, these naturally-caused changes in climate occur on a much slower time scale than the present rate of change which is caused by the emission of greenhouse gases by human activities.[36]. 6: Increasing the resilience of human and natural communities to coastal hazards: Supporting decisions in New York and Connecticut, The Role of Ecosystems in Disaster Risk Reduction. Flash flooding washed out roads and bridges, undermined railroads, brought down trees and power lines, flooded homes and businesses, and damaged floodplain forests. | Detail , ,, 2013: Sea Level Trends. | Detail , ,, 2008: The Economic Impacts of the Port of Baltimore. This approach was in evidence at the Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland, where scientists helped institutional managers address energy and stormwater management vulnerabilities. Handbook of Climate Change and Agroecosystems: Global and Regional Aspects and Implications, D. Hillel and Rosenzweig, C., Eds., Imperial College Press, 11-30. Saltwater corrosion can damage sensitive and critical electrical equipment, such as electrical substations for energy distribution and signal equipment for rail systems; corrosion also accelerates rust damage on rail lines. Most note that there is potential for significant benefits associated with climate changes to partially offset expected negative outcomes for these managed systems (for example, Hatfield et al. News article; 4 November 2022; New EU environmental norms to reduce the impact of ferrous metals processing plants. Science, 328, 1517-1520, doi:10.1126/science.1185782. The more southern states within the region, including Delaware and Maryland, have a highly vulnerable land area because of a higher rate of sea level rise and relatively flat coastlines compared to the northern tier. URL Formal regions are typically used to determine and outline government, cultural and economic areas. Visit the U.S. Department of State Archive Websites page. Climate of the Northeast U.S. NOAA Technical Report NESDIS 142-1. Another avenue for cold damage, even in a relatively warm winter, is when there is an extended warm period in late winter or early spring causing premature leaf-out or bloom, followed by a damaging frost event, as occurred throughout the Northeast in 200770 and again in 2012 when apple, grape, cherry, and other fruit crops were hard hit.71, Increased weed and pest pressure associated with longer growing seasons and warmer winters will be an increasingly important challenge; there are already examples of earlier arrival and increased populations of some insect pests such as corn earworm.64 Furthermore, many of the most aggressive weeds, such as kudzu, benefit more than crop plants from higher atmospheric carbon dioxide, and become more resistant to herbicide control.72 Many weeds respond better than most cash crops to increasing carbon dioxide concentrations, particularly invasive weeds with the so-called C3 photosynthetic pathway, and with rapid and expansive growth patterns, including large allocations of below-ground biomass, such as roots.73 Research also suggests that glyphosate (for example, Roundup), the most widely-used herbicide in the United States, loses its efficacy on weeds grown at the increased carbon dioxide levels likely to occur in the coming decades.74 To date, all weed/crop competition studies where the photosynthetic pathway is the same for both species favor weed growth over crop growth as carbon dioxide is increased.72, Effects of rising temperatures on the Northeasts ecosystems have already been clearly observed (see also Ch. The key message summarizes extensive evidence documented in the Northeast Technical Input Report.17 Technical Input reports (48) on a wide range of topics were also received and reviewed as part of the Federal Register Notice solicitation for public input. Water-based biomes are called aquatic biomes. Blackwell Publishing, Ltd. | Detail , ,, 2013: PlaNYC - A Stronger, More Resilient New York. Very high for both added stresses on environmental, social, and economic systems and for increased vulnerability, especially for populations that are already most disadvantaged. Report of the Maryland commission on climate change adaptation and response working group. Hazard mitigation includes long-term solutions that reduce the impact of disasters in the future. A., P. L. Woodworth, T. Aarup, and W. S. Wilson, Understanding Sea-Level Rise And Variability, PlaNYC - A Stronger, More Resilient New York, Inventory of New York City Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Sea level rise: Technical guidance for Dorchester County Maryland Eastern Shore Resource Conservation and Development Council, Crowell, M., K. Coulton, C. Johnson, J. Westcott, D. Bellomo, S. Edelman, and E. Hirsch, An estimate of the U.S. population living in 100-year coastal flood hazard areas, Cutter, S. L., B. J. Boruff, and W. L. Shirley, Social vulnerability to environmental hazards, Time-dependent changes in extreme-precipitation return-period amounts in the continental United States, Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, Preparing for Sea Level Rise: Development of a Sea level Rise Initiative. 4 Coastal flooding has increased due to a rise in sea level of approximately 1 foot since 1900. | Detail , Wolfe, D. W., 2012: Ch. Predictability of swimming prohibitions by observational parameters: A proactive public health policy, Stamford, Connecticut, 1989-2004. URL The differences in these biomes can be traced to differences in climate and where they are located in relation to the Equator. Responding to Climate Change in New York State: The ClimAID Integrated Assessment for Effective Climate Change Adaptation in New York State, C. Rosenzweig, Solecki, W., DeGaetano, A., O'Grady, M., Hassol, S., and Grabhorn, P., Eds., Blackwell Publishing, 164-216. The key, with respect to infrastructure, is to link adaptation strategies with capital improvement cycles and adjustment of plans to incorporate emerging climate projections11,97 but the insights are far more general than that (see the Adaptation Panel Report56). The Business Journals features local business news from 40-plus cities across the nation. | Detail , Gedan, K. B., B. R. Silliman, and M. D. Bertness, 2009: Centuries of human-driven change in salt marsh ecosystems. Under both emissions scenarios, the frequency, intensity, and duration of heat waves is expected to increase, with larger increases under higher emissions (Ch. Parry, Canziani, O.F., Palutikof, J.P., Van der Linden, P.J., and Hanson, C.E., Eds., Cambridge University Press, 717-743. The importance of science is recognized throughout the text of the Convention, and Parties and observers are called on to take actions to improve our collective understanding of biodiversity including options for action, to share relevant Suitable habitat for the Asian Tiger Mosquito, which can transmit West Nile and other vector-borne diseases, is expected to increase in the Northeast from the current 5% to 16% in the next two decades and from 43% to 49% by the end of the century, exposing more than 30 million people to the threat of dense infestations by this species.48. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2001 glossary definition is as follows: Climate in a narrow sense is usually defined as the "average weather," or more rigorously, as the statistical description in terms of the mean and variability of relevant quantities over a period ranging from months to thousands or millions of years. | Detail , Nicholls, R. J., P. P. Wong, V. R. Burkett, J. O. Codignotto, J. E. Hay, R. F. McLean, S. Ragoonaden, and C. D. Woodroffe, 2007: Ch. 1, Geographic Area Series, Part 51. There are also uncertainties associated with the character of the interconnections among systems, and the positive and negative synergies. | Detail , DeGaetano, A. T., 2009: Time-dependent changes in extreme-precipitation return-period amounts in the continental United States. Summers are warm and humid, especially to the south. These changes can be caused by processes internal to the Earth, external forces (e.g. Creative community outreach processes refurbish existing tools, American Bar Association Section of Environment Energy and Resources, Alternative Dispute Resolution Committee Newsletter, Excessive Heat Events Guidebook. Results of the Northeast Regional Climate assessment workshop that was held on November 17-18, 2011, at Columbia University, with approximately 60 attendees, were critically important in our assessment. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 13, 437-451, doi:10.1007/s11027-007-9130-5. Given the evidence base and remaining uncertainties, confidence is: Very high for sea level rise and coastal flooding as well as heat waves. All climate models balance, or very nearly balance, incoming energy as short wave (including visible) electromagnetic radiation to the Earth with outgoing energy as long wave (infrared) electromagnetic radiation from the earth. Epidemiology, 23, 189-193, doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e318245c61c. Rainfall associated with Irene led to hydrological extremes in the region. Creative community outreach processes refurbish existing tools, American Bar Association Section of Environment Energy and Resources. A climate normal is defined as the arithmetic average of a climate element (e.g. | Detail , Horton, R. M., V. Gornitz, D. A. Bader, A. C. Ruane, R. Goldberg, and C. Rosenzweig, 2011: Climate hazard assessment for stakeholder adaptation planning in New York City. Metroland News. URL 6: Increasing the resilience of human and natural communities to coastal hazards: Supporting decisions in New York and Connecticut. 4 pp., Cornell Climate Change Program Work Team. | Detail , Crowell, M., K. Coulton, C. Johnson, J. Westcott, D. Bellomo, S. Edelman, and E. Hirsch, 2010: An estimate of the U.S. population living in 100-year coastal flood hazard areas. Climate change (category), Climate is the long-term weather pattern in an area, typically averaged over 30 years. Lenton, T., A. Footitt, and A. Dlugolecki, Major Tipping Points in the Earths Climate System and Consequences for the Insurance Sector, Projections of seasonal patterns in temperature-related deaths for Manhattan, New York, Liu, J., J. URL 89 pp., World Wide Fund for Nature, Gland, Switzerland and Munich, Germany. 739 pp., U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. URL One widely used adaptation-planning template is the eight-step iterative approach developed by the New York City Panel on Climate Change; it was highlighted in the contribution of the National Academy of Sciences Adaptation Panel to Americas Climate Choices and adopted by the Committee on Americas Climate Choices. Emissions data The disproportionate effect of global warming on the arrival dates of shortdistance migratory birds in North America, Coastal Sensitivity to Sea-Level Rise: A Focus on the Mid-Atlantic Region. 2011; Wolfe et al. URL Examples of empiric classifications include climate zones defined by plant hardiness,[20] evapotranspiration,[21] or more generally the Kppen climate classification which was originally designed to identify the climates associated with certain biomes. However, variability is large in both space and time. Discussions were followed by expert deliberation of draft key messages by the authors and targeted consultation with additional experts by the lead author of each key message. The evidence included results from improved models and updated observational data (for example, Liu et al. 445 pp., New York City Special Initiative for Rebuilding and Resiliency, New York, New York. A comparison of the 2011, 1996, 1987 floods along the Schoharie Creek, Proceedings of the 2012 Mohawk Watershed Symposium, Union College, Schenectady, NY, March 16, 2012, Gedan, K. B., B. R. Silliman, and M. D. Bertness, Centuries of human-driven change in salt marsh ecosystems, Impacts of sea level rise in the New York City metropolitan area, Groisman, P. Y., R. W. Knight, and O. G. Zolina, Recent trends in regional and global intense precipitation patterns, Gu, L., P. J. Hanson, M. W. Post, D. P. Kaiser, B. Yang, R. Nemani, S. G. Pallardy, and T. Meyers. Weed Science, 47, 608-615. 5 - 8. If emissions continue to increase (as in the A2 scenario), warming of 4.5F to 10F is projected by the 2080s; if global emissions were reduced substantially (as in the B1 scenario), projected warming ranges from about 3F to 6F by the 2080s.4. Mediterranean agriculture is the practice of crop cultivation undertaken in areas with Mediterranean climates. Climatic Change, 106, 93-127, doi:10.1007/s10584-010-0002-8. A common shortcoming of these classification schemes is that they produce distinct boundaries between the zones they define, rather than the gradual transition of climate properties more common in nature. Confronting Climate Change in the U.S. Northeast: Science, Impacts, and Solutions. Climate Vulnerability, R.A. Pielke, Sr., Ed., Academic Press, 25-55. Evaluating coupled multi-system vulnerabilities is an emerging field; as a result, additional sources including white papers4 have informed this key message as well. | Detail , Liu, J., J. These changes are difficult to predict at local scales even as they also depend on international and national considerations. 87 pp., National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, Washington, D.C. URL | Detail , ,, 2011: Responding to Climate Change in New York State: The ClimAID Integrated Assessment for Effective Climate Change Adaptation in New York State. 2: Our Changing Climate, Key Message 10),12 depending in large part on the extent to which the Greenland and West Antarctic Ice Sheets experience significant melting. Evaluating the response of water yield to land use policies in drylands under climate change is conducive to sustainable water resource management. | Detail , Mohan, J. E., R. M. Cox, and L. R. Iverson, 2009: Composition and carbon dynamics of forests in northeastern North America in a future, warmer world. One of the most used is the Kppen climate classification scheme first developed in 1899.. URL | Detail , Sheffield, P. E., J. L. Carr, P. L. Kinney, and K. Knowlton, 2011: Modeling of regional climate change effects on ground-level ozone and childhood asthma. URL For example, parts of southern New England that experienced heavy snows in the cold season of 2010-2011 experienced little snow during the cold season of 2011-2012. | Detail , Gu, L., P. J. Hanson, M. W. Post, D. P. Kaiser, B. Yang, R. Nemani, S. G. Pallardy, and T. Meyers, 2008: The 2007 eastern US spring freezes: Increased cold damage in a warming world? In Connecticut, the risk for contracting a stomach illness while swimming significantly increased after a one inch precipitation event,49and studies have found associations between diarrheal illness among children and sewage discharge in Milwaukee.50 More frequent heavy rain events could therefore increase the incidence of waterborne disease. 26. These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. URL Northeast cities have employed a variety of mechanisms to respond to climate change, including land-use planning, provisions to protect infrastructure, regulations related to the design and construction of buildings, and emergency preparation, response, and recovery.106 While significant progress has been made, local governments still face limitations of legal authority, geographic jurisdiction, and resource constraints that could be addressed through effective engagement and support from higher levels of government. 2012; Sallenger et al. 2: Climate change solutions from the agronomy perspective, Handbook of Climate Change and Agroecosystems: Global and Regional Aspects and Implications, Potential impacts of sea-level rise on the Mid- and Upper-Atlantic Region of the United States, Yin, J., M. E. Schlesinger, and R. J. Stouffer, Model projections of rapid sea-level rise on the northeast coast of the United States, Infrastructure impacts and adaptation challenges, Recent warming by latitude associated with increased length of ragweed pollen season in central North America, Ziska, L. H., J. R. Teasdale, and J. For example, according to Kopparapu's habitable zone estimate, although the Solar System has a circumstellar habitable zone centered at 1.34 AU from the Sun, a star with 0.25 times the luminosity of the Sun would have a Return to the home page. ), high consensus, Moderate evidence (several sources, some consistency, methods vary and/or documentation limited, etc. Synthesis Report of the Northeast Climate Impacts Assessment (NECIA), Gaffin, S. R., C. Rosenzweig, R. Khanbilvardi, L. Parshall, S. Mahani, H. Glickman, R. Goldberg, R. Blake, R. B. Slosberg, and D. Hillel, Variations in New York Citys urban heat island strength over time and space, How extreme was Irene? Several bird species have expanded their ranges northward80 as have some invasive insect species, such as the hemlock woolly adelgid,81 which has devastated hemlock trees. Wines and Vines. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptations and Vulnerability. Both also depend on aging infrastructure that has already been stressed by climate hazards including heat waves, as well as coastal and riverine flooding due to a combination of sea level rise, storm surge, and extreme precipitation events. Predicted impacts of coastal flooding on infrastructure were largely borne out by Hurricane Sandy; sea level rise will only increase these vulnerabilities. Climate models are available on different resolutions ranging from >100km to 1km. 2: Our Changing Climate, Key Message 6).7 In the future, farmers may also face too little water in summer to meet increased crop water demand as summers become hotter and growing seasons lengthen.68,61 Increased frequency of summer heat stress is also projected, which can negatively affect crop yields and milk production.64, Despite a trend toward warmer winters, the risk of frost and freeze damage continues, and has paradoxically increased over the past decade (see also Ch. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 39, 213-230, doi:10.1139/X08-185. 425 in Applied Marine Science and Ocean Engineering. In contrast, many insect pests, pathogens, and invasive plants like kudzu appear to be highly and positively responsive to recent and projected climate change.89 Their expansion will lead to an overall loss of biodiversity, function, and resilience of some ecosystems. 19. A., 2000: Climate change and health: New research challenges. URL Newton, Carran, R.A., Edwards, G.R., and Niklaus, P.A., Eds. For example, a key uncertainty is how systems will respond during extreme events and how people will adjust their short- to long-term planning to take account of a dynamic climate. Beckage, B., B. Osborne, D. G. Gavin, C. Pucko, T. Siccama, and T. Perkins, A rapid upward shift of a forest ecotone during 40 years of warming in the Green Mountains of Vermont, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Blake, E. S., T. B. Kimberlain, R. J. Berg, J. P. Cangialosi, and J. L. Beven, II, Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Sandy. Rosenzweig, Solecki, W., DeGaetano, A., O'Grady, M., Hassol, S., and Grabhorn, P., Eds. | Detail , Yin, J., M. E. Schlesinger, and R. J. Stouffer, 2009: Model projections of rapid sea-level rise on the northeast coast of the United States. In the transportation sector (see also Ch. | Detail , ,, 2012: State and Local Adaptation Plans. [5] Since very few direct observations of climate were available before the 19th century, paleoclimates are inferred from proxy variables. URL | Detail , Buonaiuto, F., , , , , , , , and J. Waldman, 2011: Ch. The next set of climate normals to be published by WMO is from 1991 to 2010. Global Change Research Program 2010,66 for example) confirmed many of the findings from the prior Northeast assessment (http://nca2009.globalchange.gov/northeast)which informed the 2009 NCA.10. 8: Ecosystems). T.R. Climates can be classified according to the average and typical variables, most commonly temperature and precipitation. Between 1895 and 2011, temperatures in the Northeast increased by almost 2F (0.16F per decade), and precipitation increased by approximately five inches, or more than 10% (0.4 inches per decade). URL URL URL URL | Detail , Ziska, L. et al., 2011: Recent warming by latitude associated with increased length of ragweed pollen season in central North America. Nature Climate Change, 2, 884-888, doi:10.1038/nclimate1597. 6: Coastal systems and low-lying areas. Changing distributions of temperature, precipitation, and carbon dioxide could affect the potency of plant allergens,43 and there has been an observed increase of 13 to 27 days in the ragweed pollen season at latitudes above 44N.43, Vector-borne diseases are an additional concern. | Detail , ,, 2008: Ch. URL | Detail , Freidline, A., 2011: Rain cuts early volume, delays summer harvest. These stakeholder interactions were surveyed and engaged in the preparation of this chapter. 1800 G Street, NW, Suite 9100, Washington, D.C. 20006 USA, Tel: +1 202 223 6262 | Fax: +1 202 223 3065 | Contact Us | Privacy Policy | Site Map. U.S. Better Business Bureau details the biggest scams to look out for as you shop for the holidays Finally, the Bergeron and Spatial Synoptic Classification systems focus on the origin of air masses that define the climate of a region. 12: Indigenous Peoples).88. Agronomy Journal, 103, 351-370, doi:10.2134/agronj2010.0303. Farther south, New York City has taken numerous steps to implement PlaNYC, a far-reaching sustainability plan for the city, including amending the construction code and the zoning laws and the implementation of measures focused on developing adaptation strategies to protect the Citys public and private infrastructure from the effects of climate change;26 some major investments in protection have even been conceptualized. The Traceable Account for Key Message 1 provides the evidence base on sea level rise, flooding, and precipitation. ), disagreement or lack of opinions among experts, Urban residents have unique and multifaceted vulnerabilities to heat extremes. Environmental Health Perspectives, 119, 1681-1690, doi:10.1289/Ehp.1103456. The region has a vital rural component as well. A., P. L. Woodworth, T. Aarup, and W. S. Wilson, 2010: Understanding Sea-Level Rise And Variability. This is caused due to various internal and external factors including solar radiation, variation in the Earths orbit, volcanic eruptions, plate tectonics, etc. 41. The National Climate Assessment summarizes the impacts of climate change on the United States, now and in the future. The downloadable PDF is the official version of the 2014 National Climate Assessment. (Figure source: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC). Energy Policy, 34, 2820-2833, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2005.04.016. For example, in 2006 alone the Port of Baltimore generated more than 50,200 jobs, $3.6 billion in personal income, $1.9 billion in business revenues, and $388 million in state, county, and municipal tax.58 The New York City Panel on Climate Change highlighted a broader range of climate impacts on infrastructure sectors (see Table 16.1).11 Although this study focused specifically on New York City, these impacts are applicable throughout the region. For example, "a 3C [5F] change in mean annual temperature corresponds to a shift in isotherms of approximately 300400km[190250mi] in latitude (in the temperate zone) or 500m[1,600ft] in elevation. Species and ecosystem vulnerability have been well documented historically in numerous peer-reviewed papers in addition to the ones cited in the TIR.17 There have also been many examples of impacts on agriculture of climate variability and change in the Northeast (for example, Wolfe et al. Whats in your tool box? Strong evidence (established theory, multiple sources, consistent results, well documented and accepted methods, etc. | Detail , Sallenger, A. H., K. S. Doran, and P. A. Howd, 2012: Hotspot of accelerated sea-level rise on the Atlantic coast of North America. Existing installations will have 4 years to comply with stricter environmental norms, while new installations will have to comply immediately. Climate Dynamics, 28, 381-407, doi:10.1007/s00382-006-0187-8. 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